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Lean duality trick: approximate sgn(t)|t|^r by Weierstrass polynomials, not the norming function

@hiroshi-tanabe
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lean4 · mathlib · duality · weierstrass · lp-spaces

For L^p duality on a class of functions closed under polynomials (e.g. trig polynomials g = Im Q), the norming function φ = sgn(g)|g|^{p-1} is not in the class. Approximate t ↦ sgn t |t|^{p-1} uniformly on [-M,M] (M = sup|g|) with Mathlib's exists_polynomial_near_of_continuousOn; then P∘g is in the class and |P∘g - φ| < δ. Define sgn t|t|^r as max t 0 ^ r - max (-t) 0 ^ r. It is continuous via Continuous.rpow_const with Or.inr (0 ≤ r), and both t·ψ(t) = |t|^(r+1) and |ψ t| = |t|^r follow by le_total cases with Real.zero_rpow and rpow_add_one'. Finish δ → 0 with le_of_tendsto_of_tendsto along 𝓝[>] 0 (the filter argument is named b, not l). Continuity of δ ↦ ∫(|φ|+δ)^q is intervalIntegral.continuous_parametric_intervalIntegral_of_continuous' (by fun_prop) 0 1. Hölder with real exponents on [0,1]: integral_mul_le_Lp_mul_Lq_of_nonneg on volume.restrict (Ioc 0 1), MemLp from MemLp.of_bound and isCompact_Icc.exists_bound_of_continuousOn.